Iran

Islamic Seminary

Ayatullah Shab Zendeh Dar, Ayatullah Shaheedi and Ayatullah Qaeni along with the Director of the Centre for Contemporary Jurisprudence (Fiqh), Sheikh Ithna 'Asheri, visited all the exhibition booths over a 4 hour visit at Masjid Jamkaran and were acquainted with the latest achievements of the Islamic Seminaries of Qom and Isfahan. Similarly, Sheikh Rustam Nejad, with patience and cordial accompaniment, presented comprehensive details of the activities by the Specialized Centers of the Islamic Seminaries.&nbsp;<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:83.45%;"><img src="https://fms.s3.ir-thr-at1.arvanstorage.com/photo_2022_11_17_00_23_40_7491098083_bda34ff04e.jpg"></figure><figure class="image image_resized" style="width:82.86%;"><img src="https://fms.s3.ir-thr-at1.arvanstorage.com/photo_2022_11_17_00_23_34_d2d7cea59c_5f1fb59262.jpg"></figure><figure class="image image_resized" style="width:82.19%;"><img src="https://fms.s3.ir-thr-at1.arvanstorage.com/photo_2022_11_17_00_23_19_a2af5b88ec_db4db5f864.jpg"></figure>The presence of a number of members of the Scientific Council of the Department of Contemporary Jurisprudence (Fiqh) at the exhibition of the scientific achievements of the seminary's specialized educational units quoted facts about the Moglistan Library that you may not know!&nbsp;One of the booths which was very interesting for all the teachers was the book of the Message Amoozish 'Aali Hawza 'Ilmiyya of Isfahan who through excellent presentation, showed that in this educational center, specialized fields are presented in every field of study for the students of Isfahan and they have also published a collection of works by Ayatullah Mazahiri. The hand-written copy of this collection was also very interesting. As it can be seen in the photograph below hand-written copies from many countries in the world have been collected, scanned and catalogued and will later be available for researchers whereby the extent of their work is rare. I instantly remembered that recently a piece of news had been circulating that a library had been found in Moglistan that contains books which the Moguls, after occupying Baghdad, took back with them to Moglistan and it is probable that new books from Islamic sources have also been found within them (this collection).&nbsp;<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:82.95%;"><img src="https://fms.s3.ir-thr-at1.arvanstorage.com/photo_2022_11_17_00_16_40_83f637a3ff_0d2080caa0.jpg"></figure>I took the opportunity and asked Sheikh Majid Hadi Zadeh who was the head of that booth whether he has any plans for Moglistan? In complete surprise he said that the origin of this news has no reality!! The explanation is that the said library is in Tibet and was used by Buddhist nuns before and lately they removed it's walls and is now available for public visitors. However, simultaneous to this measure, the administration of Iraq announced in a news report that they intend to catalogue a few thousand hand-written copies and the simultaneous publication of both these news reports caused the illusion of the existence of those books in the Tibetan library. The story of Moglistan could have made this news report more interesting and hence for this reason they flew from Tibet to the Mongols.&nbsp;&nbsp;Authored by Hussain Ithna 'Asheri

Exhibition for Specialized Centers of the Islamic Seminaries was held on 26th October 2022 at Masjid Jamkaran, Qom.

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Report on the Visit to an Exhibition on the Achievements by the Specialized Centers of the Islamic Seminaries 

Contemporary Jurisprudence Education

Continuation on the Principle of 'Profit arising from something which is not in one's charge' (ربح ما لا یضمن)&nbsp;&nbsp;Professor (Ustad): Muhammed Taqi Shaheedi&nbsp;Time: Wednesdays/ 9-10 AM&nbsp;&nbsp;Lessons will be held in-person and Online&nbsp;Link to participate in the lesson:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/ostadshahidi110/">https://www.instagram.com/ostadshahidi110/</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Access to audio and text of the lessons On&nbsp;&nbsp;Eita:&nbsp;<a href="https://eitaa.com/salat_shahidi">https://eitaa.com/salat_shahidi</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Telegram:&nbsp;<a href="https://telegram.me/ostadshahidi">https://telegram.me/ostadshahidi</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Website:&nbsp;<a href="http://yun.ir/zsoxr8">http://yun.ir/zsoxr8</a><figure class="image"><img src="https://fiqhci.s3.ir-thr-at1.arvanstorage.com/Chat_GPT_Image_Jun_14_2026_01_49_08_PM_ff02fbe53e.png"></figure>

Advanced Contemporary Jurisprudence Course on 'The Nature of Money and its Laws' will be held soon.

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Advanced Contemporary Jurisprudence Course on The Nature of Money and its Laws 

International

The call includes presenting a comprehensive critique in relation to the final draft of 'UNESCO’s&nbsp;recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence' and formulating an alternative recommendation on the subject.All critiques and proposals will be compiled and submitted to the Foreign Ministry to ensure that, during the UNESCO meetings scheduled for late October, the Islamic Republic of Iran presents well-informed positions and alternative recommendations on the subject.&nbsp;Accepted critiques along with a translation of the aforementioned recommendations will be published in a book by&nbsp;the Department of Contemporary Jurisprudence.The Centre for Contemporary Jurisprudence has completed the translation of UNESCO's final draft on artificial intelligence ethics recommendations. The translation will be provided to verified researchers, selected based on their qualifications and expertise, who are expected to evaluate the document critically and submit their feedback and recommendations to the center.Once critiques and alternative recommendations are compiled and published in a book, they will receive financial support.As of today, until October 21, 2021, eligible seminary and university students can submit their scientific resumes along with a detailed explanation of their expertise related to the subject to the Department of Contemporary Jurisprudence (Fiqh) through @rfiqhci on Eitaa. Upon verification, the center will establish contact and schedule the next steps accordingly. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;

Scholars are invited to submit papers critiquing UNESCO's artificial intelligence ethics recommendation, with financial support for best paper

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Academic Call: Critiquing UNESCO's AI Ethics Framework

Specialized Subjectology

Financial Securities such as:&nbsp;Treasury documentsDeposit papersMortgage bonds&nbsp;&nbsp;Professor (Ustad): Ali AndalibiTime: Tuesdays and Wednesdays 7-8 AMFirst session: Tuesday 12th October 2021&nbsp;<ul><li>Topics:</li><li>Familiarization with advanced level lessons on stock market and securities</li><li>Examining the evidences for legality of legal entities and stock market</li><li>Examining legality of Futures Contracts</li><li>Examining legality of Options Contracts</li><li>Examining legality of Short and Loan Sales</li><li>Research surrounding the Nature of Equities and its Laws</li><li>Examining Liquidity Supply Solutions</li><li>Interest-based Contracts</li><li>عقد تورق</li><li>Escaping Usury&nbsp;</li><li>Examining the Rulings related to Signalling</li></ul>&nbsp;Lessons will be held onlineAccess to the lesson is from the link below:&nbsp;<a href="https://bbb.shahidain.ir/b/adm-mys-svy-kwv">https://bbb.shahidain.ir/b/adm-mys-svy-kwv</a><figure class="image"><img src="https://fms.s3.ir-thr-at1.arvanstorage.com/1031372_c8a83eaa54_8a03cb3f66.jpg"></figure>

Advanced Level Course on Contemporary Jurisprudence in the subject of The Jurisprudence of Stock and Capital Market will be held soon.

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The Advanced Level Course in Contemporary Jurisprudence in the subject of The Jurisprudence of Stock and Capital Market will be held.

Advanced Level Course in The Jurisprudence of Stock Market and Securities, Ustad ‘Andalibi

Advanced Level Course on The Jurisprudence of Stock Market and Securities to be taught by Professor (Ustad) Andalibi

Subject of discussion: Embryo donation (examining (the role of)&nbsp;lineage in embryo donation, examining lineage in IVF (in vitro fertilization)).Professor (Ustad): Ayatollah Muhammed QaeniTime: Wednesdays / One hour before sunsetLocation: Maidane Muallem, Markaz Fiqhi Aimmeh Athar, Second Floor, Imam Khomeini Room.&nbsp;Familiarization with some of the propounded discussions in Advanced Level Medical Jurisprudence Course.<ul><li>Analysing instances whereby treatment is obligatory</li><li>Analysing instances whereby touch and look is permissible by a Non-Mahram</li><li>Laws relating to Contagious Diseases (Covid)</li><li>Response to dubieties around accepting the spread of disease in Islam</li><li>Responsibilities of a person infected with Covid</li><li>Responsibilities of others when encountering one infected with Covid</li><li>Responsibilities of an Islamic Government in instances of infectious diseases</li><li>Ruling on taking wages for treating another</li><li>Reliability and validity of medical tests in proving jurisprudential subjects and the consequential application of jurisprudential rulings.</li></ul>&nbsp;The course will be held in-person and online.&nbsp;Link to participate in the lesson:<a href="http://www.markazfeqhi.com/live">http://www.markazfeqhi.com/live</a><figure class="image"><img src="https://fiqhci.s3.ir-thr-at1.arvanstorage.com/Chat_GPT_Image_Jun_14_2026_01_37_09_PM_ebf4587127.png"></figure>

Advanced Course in Contemporary Medical Jurisprudence will be held

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Advanced Level Course in Contemporary Jurisprudence on the subject of Medical Jurisprudence will be held

Advanced Level Course on Medical Jurisprudence

Advanced Course on Medical Jurisprudence

Centre for Contemporary Jurisprudence (Fiqh)

In a detailed discussion, the Head of the Islamic Seminaries elaborated on the latest Contemporary Jurisprudence Program and Rules for the Academic Year 1400 (2021).&nbsp;Some of the points mentioned in this discussion are as follows:<ul><li>View of Supreme Leader Ayatullah Khamenei regarding the Department of Contemporary Jurisprudence</li><li>Development of Advanced Level Courses in Contemporary Jurisprudence in approved subjects with a new program plan.</li><li>Introductory courses in Contemporary Jurisprudence will commence as a new movement in the path of transforming Ijtihad.</li><li>List of supported subjects for dissertations is in its final stages</li><li>7 new Ijtihadi books on Contemporary Jurisprudence will soon be introduced.</li><li>Al-Faiq has reached (other) towns.</li></ul>&nbsp;Details for this discussion can be viewed in the link below:&nbsp;<a href="https://hawzahnews.com/xbkvf">https://hawzahnews.com/xbkvf</a>

Head of the Islamic Seminaries elaborated on the latest Contemporary Jurisprudence Program and Rules for the Academic Year 2021.

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In a detailed discussion, the Head of the Islamic Seminaries elaborated on the latest Contemporary Jurisprudence Program and Rules for the Academic Year 1400 (2021).

Elaborating the latest Contemporary Jurisprudence Program and Rules for the Academic Year 1400 (2021) by the Head of the Islamic Seminaries

Elaborating the Latest Contemporary Jurisprudence Program and Rules for the Academic Year 2021 by the Head of the Islamic Seminaries

From the very present, you can register at the 'Pishkhwan'.&nbsp;It should be reminded that the course of 'Al-Fa'iq' is not a replacement of (the book) 'Kifayah', however, if it is studied alongside or after 'Kifayah', it would have the following benefits:&nbsp;- Students of level 9 and 10 who have participated in the course of 'Al-Fa'iq' 1 and 2 and passed their exams will be excused from oral exams of level 10 'Kifayah' and their exam score of 'Al-Fa'iq' (average score of both exams) will be taken for their oral exam (of 'Kifayah')&nbsp;Note: Students in question in the first paragraph, in the event that prior to the exams of 'Al-Fa'iq' 1 and 2, have passed their oral exams for level 10 of 'Kifayah', they will be included in the concessions mentioned in paragraph 2.&nbsp;- Students who participated in the advanced level lessons of 'Al-Fa'iq' and passed the two exams will be exempted from one Advanced Level Usool interview and their exam number for 'Al-Fa'iq' (average score of both exams) will be taken for their interview. Similarly, complete attendance in the course of 'Al-Fa'iq' (one academic year) will be equal to one year attendance in advanced level Usool lessons.&nbsp;Note: intended from counting one year of advanced level Usool in place of studying in the course 'Al-Fa'iq' and replacing the exam numbers of 'Al-Fa'iq' in place of the results of the oral exam of advanced level Usool, each one is 4 years of advanced level study such that a student, till announced of the exams of 'Al-Fa'iq', has not yet given that exam.&nbsp;- Only those students will benefit from the concessions (considered) for the course 'Al-Fa'iq' who have officially selected the course unit of 'Al-Fa'iq' through the 'Pishkhwan' portal.&nbsp;- Whether the course 'Al-Fa'iq' is held in-person or online, it will hold the same rules as all courses of that level.&nbsp;- The courses of 'Al-Fa'iq' 1 and 2 is not in sequence and as an example, the respected student can study al-Fāiq 2 in the first semester of the academic year and al-Fāiq in the second semester.&nbsp;The course of al-Fāiq from the academic year 1399-1400 has been held officially throughout the country and all professors (ustad) in Qom and across towns, from the point of view of educational departments of the Seminaries and have the possibility of teaching 'Kifayatain', can hold these courses. All the conditions of study and distinctions (of the course) will be the same throughout the country.&nbsp;&nbsp;To obtain the book 'al-Fa'iq' and it's commentary, you can refer to 'Intisharat Hawza haye Ilmiyya' or you can purchase it online from the publisher's website.

In this article, students can gain information on the concessions that have been considered for the 'Al-Fa'iq' course.

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In this article, respected students can gain information on the concessions that have been considered for the 'Al-Fa'iq' course

Concessions for the course of 'Al-Fa'iq' in the Academic Year 1400-1401

Concessions for the Course of 'Al-Fa'iq' for the Academic Year 2021

Exam Time Schedule:<ul><li>First and Second Semesters coinciding with May and June 2020</li><li>August 2020 for the Academic Year 2020-2021</li></ul>&nbsp;Important Reminders for the Exam:<ul><li>Those who have selected the course unit and have permission to attend the class (for the Academic Year 2020-2021), are only authorized to participate in one primary exam period in either December 2020, May or June 2021 and one re-examination period which will be held in August 2021.</li><li>Students are free to select the examination period of May or June 2021</li><li>Students can take some of their exams in May 2021 and others in June 2021</li><li>Students that choose to take their exams in June 2021 will not be able to participate in the summer period of 2021.</li><li>Exams will be held online and in the event of any changes in accordance with the Iran's Covid Management Department decision exams will be rescheduled and announced at a later date.</li><li>In order to participate in the exams, there is no requirement to re-select the course or place of exam and the (original) selection of the course at the start of the academic year and registration of attendance in the lessons is sufficient.</li></ul>&nbsp;For further information, you can refer to the official channel of the Islamic Seminary Higher Levels with the following username on Eita messaging application:@sotohaali&nbsp;Students can contact for more information through the communication desk of higher levels:@ismcir

Details of the exam schedule and points regarding the course of ‘Al-Fa’iq’ are outlined.

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Specifics of the exam schedule and points regarding the course of ‘Al-Fa’iq’ is as follows:

Exam Schedule for ‘Al-Fa’iq’ for the Academic Year 1400 (2021)

Exam Schedule for ‘Al-Fa’iq’ for the Academic Year 2021

Approximately 20 days ago, the Center of Contemporary Jurisprudence launched a general call for seminary and university thinkers to assist in the critique of the draft.A number of seminary teachers and researchers working in jurisprudence, ethics, philosophy, law and artificial intelligence announced their readiness in this regard to present strategic&nbsp;and appropriate legislative recommendations.The Head of Iran's Seminaries Ayatullah Arafi delivered the prepared critic on the document to the late President Raisi (eighth president of Iran from 2021 till 2024) such that it may be used by the relevant Iranian authorities to prevent the entry of such alien issues as the 2030 document (UNESCO’s Sustainable development goals) that is in contrast to the Islamic-Iranian culture of the country.&nbsp;The finalized UNESCO document on AI ethics will be reviewed, and a revised critique will be published as a standalone book.Centre for Contemporary Jurisprudence, Jurisprudence, UNESCO, AI

UNESCO has finalized its draft on artificial intelligence ethics document after two years of extensive work and revisions, and plans to present it for approval of the member states at the 41st meeting in Paris in October 2021.

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UNESCO Finalizes AI Ethics Draft, Set for Approval at its 41th Meeting in Paris

‌Books<ol><li>Tanbih al–Umma Wa Tanzih al–Milla, Ayatollah Mirza Muhammad Hossein Naini</li><li>Risala Insafiya, Ayatollah Mulla ‘Abd al–Rasul Madani Kashani</li><li>Risala Bayan-e Saltanat-e Mashruteh Wa Qawaid-e-ha, Ayatollah Sayyid ‘Abd al-Azim Musawi Khalkhali</li><li>Risala Ruh al–Islam “Yek Kalmeh”, Mirza Yusuf Khan Mustashar al-Dawla</li><li>Rasail Siyasi Mirza ‘Ali Thiqat al-Islam Tabrizi, compiled by ‘Ali Asghar Haqdar, Nashre Chashmeh</li><li>Risaleh-ye Kashf al-Murad, Muhammad Hossein ibn ‘Ali Tabrizi</li><li>Risaleh-ha-ye Mirza Malikam Khan Nazim al-Dawla, compiled by Hojjatollah Asil, Nashre Ni</li><li>Huquq Asasi Ya’ni Adab Mashruiyat-e Duwal, Muhammad ‘Ali Farughi, Istanbul</li><li>Hikmat Wa Hukumat, Mahdi Hairi Yazdi, London: Shadi, 1995</li><li>Wilayat-e Faqih (Hukumat-e Islami), Sayyid Ruhullah Musawi Khomeini, Muassasaeh-yeh Tanzim Wa Nashre Athare Imam Khomeini</li><li>Sahifeh-ye Noor v1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 19 and 20</li><li>Kitab al-Bai, v2</li><li>Hakimiyate Deeni, ‘Abdullah Ibrahim Zadeh, v1</li><li>Hukumat-e Jumhuri-ye Islami, ‘Ali Mishkini, Intisharat-e Yasir, 1978</li><li>Hukumat-e Islami, Ahmad Wai’zi, Intisharat-e Masamir, 2001</li><li>Dar Amadi Bar Huquq-e Asasi, Muhammad Hossein Iskandari, Ismai’l Darabkalai, Intisharat-e Samt</li><li>Dirasat Fi Wilayat-e Faqih Wa Fiqh al-Dawla al-Islamiya, Hossein ‘Ali Muntaziri</li><li>Mabani-ye Fiqhi-ye Hukumat-e Islami</li><li>Mabani-ye Mardom-e Salari Dar Islam</li><li>Risaleh-ye Huquq</li><li>Hukumat-e Deeni Wa Huquq-e Insan</li><li>Didgah-ha</li><li>Hukumat-e Mardomi Wa Qanun-e Asasi</li><li>Islam; Deen-e Fitrat</li><li>Daneshnameh-ye- Fiqh-e Siyasi, Ayatollah ‘Abbas ‘Ali ‘Amid Zanjani</li><li>Huquq-e Asasi Jumhuri-ye Islami Iran, Ayatollah ‘Abbas ‘Ali ‘Amid Zanjani</li><li>Huquq Wa Siyasat Dar Quran, Ayatollah Muhammad Taqi Misbah Yazdi</li><li>Nazariyeh-ye Siyasi-ye Islami</li><li>Nazariyeh-ye Huquqi-ye Islami</li><li>Hakimaneh Tareen Hukumat: Kawishi Dar Nazaryeh-ye Wilayat-e Faqih</li><li>Minhaj al-Albab al-Misriya Fi Mabahij al-Adab al-‘Asriya, Rifae’h Tahtawi</li><li>Fiqh al-Khialafa Wa Tatawuriha li Tasabbuhi&nbsp; ‘Usbati Umami Sharifa, ‘Abd al-Razzaq al-Sanhuri</li><li>Islam Rahbar-e ZIndagi, Shahid Muhammd Baqir Sadr</li><li>Madrasat al-Islamiya&nbsp;</li><li>Khilafat-e Insan Wa Shahadat-e Ambiya</li><li>Khatab, Sayed (2006): The political thought of Sayyid Qutb. The theory of jahiliyyah. London, New York: Routledge (Routledge studies in political Islam, 2)</li><li>Khatab, Sayed (2006): The power of sovereignty. The political and ideological philosophy of Sayyid Qutb. London, New York: Routledge Taylor &amp; Francis Group (Routledge studies in political Islam3)</li><li>Quṭb, Sayyid (1977): Islam and universal peace: American Trust Publications</li><li>Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islam (2009): Oxford University Press</li><li>Abol’ala Maudoudi, Political theory of Islam.</li><li>Abol’ala Maudoudi, The Islamic state.</li><li>Abol’ala Maudoudi, Islamic law and constitution (collection of his essays and books)</li><li>Al-Islam al-Yawm, Abol’ala Maudoudi</li><li>Khilafat Wa Malukiyat, Abol’ala Maudoudi</li><li>Huquq-e Asasi Wa Nihad-haye- Siyasi, Abu al-Fadl Qadi Shariat Panahi, Nashr-e Mizan</li></ol>Articles<ol><li>Tafkeek-e Quwa Dar Andishe-haye Thiqat al-Islam Tabrizi, Hossein Shir Muhammadi Baba Shaykh ‘Ali, Murtada Dehqan Nejad, Furuq Bahrayni, Rida Bi Tarfan, Tarikh-e Islam Wa Iran, Dawreh-ye Jadid, Autumn 2012, No. 15, (Serial No. 103)</li><li>Rawshan Fikran-e Irani Wa Gharb: Furughi, Hatam Qadiri, Guftogo Journal, No. 30, p95 – 1-7</li><li>Muhammad ‘Ali Furughi (Dhaka al-Mulk), Mujtaba Maynawi, Bukhara Journal, No. 121, p134 – 145</li><li>Shikl, Sakhthar Wa Tashkilat-e Hukumat-e Islami Dar Rasail-e Deeni, 1963 – 1978, Ibrahim Musa Zadeh, Siyasat Quaterly Journal, 47th Edition, No. 25, Summer&nbsp;2017</li><li>Barrasi-ye Nazaryeh- ye Tafkik-e Quwa Dar Jumhuri-ye Islami-ye Iran Ba Nigahi Beh Rabteh-ye Wilayat-e Faqih Ba Tafkik Quwa, ‘Ali Shi’eh ‘Ali, Wahid Zari’, Danesh-e Huquq-e ‘Umumi Quaterly Journal, Year 6, Autumn and Winter 2017, No. 18, p130.</li><li>Sakhtar Wa Mahiyat-e Hukumat Az Manzar Ghayat Wa Wasileh Dar Partu-ye Nazariyeh-ye Ie’tebarat, ‘Abbas ‘Ali Kadkhudayi, Hadi Tahan Nazif, Mutale’at-e Huquq-e ‘Umumi Quaterly Journal, 46th Edition, No. 15, Spring 2016</li><li>Masaleh-ye Tafkik-e Quwa Dar Qanun Asasi Jumhuri Islami-ye Iran, Sayyid Muhammad Hashimi, No. 20 &amp; 21 of the Hikmat-e Islami Quaterly Journal</li><li>Hakimiyat-e Qanun Wa Tafkik-e Quwa, Muhammad Rasikh, September 2020, No. 25 of the Sarasari-ye Farhangi Wa Ijtemai’i Qalamyaran Montlhly Journal (p31 – 38)</li><li>Tahawwulat-e Tafkik-e Quwa Dar Partu-ye Hukumrani-ye Tanzimi, Muhammad Hossein Zarie’i, Fatema Aziz Muhammadi, No. 79 of Tahqiqat-e Huquqi Quarterly Journal</li><li>Shan-e Nuzul-e Taa’dul-e Quwa Wa Nuzul-e Shan-e An, Abu al-Fadl Qadi Shariatpanahi, Daneshqadeh-ye Huquq Wa ‘Ulum-e Siyasi (Tehran University) 5 (2)</li><li>Paydayesh-e Mafhum-e Tafkik- Quwa Dar Inqilab-e Mashrutiyat-e Iran, Fardin. Muradkhani, Huquqi Dadgustari Journal, Winter 2015, 79th Edition, No. 92</li></ol>English reading materials in relation to the ‘Theory of separation of powers’&nbsp;In this matter, books and articles related to the subject of theory of separation of powers in English sources will be discussed.&nbsp;&nbsp;Article: Sovereignty and the Separation of Powers in John LockeAuthor: Bedri GencerBedri Gencer is a lecturer in the Department of Humanities and social sciences in Yildiz Technical University located in Istanbul, Turkey. He is active in the fields of History, Islamic philosophy and political philosophy, with an H-index of 9 and his article has been cited 4 times.&nbsp;The European Legacy journal focuses on research in the field of historical, philosophical, ideological and modern European cultural sources and its relation to the rest of the world.&nbsp;Exposition of the article:In contrast to most interpretations exclusively modern in respect to Locke, Locke's conceptualization of sovereignty has a traditional and theological outlook and endeavours to re-traditionalize&nbsp;the new changing world through adaptation to existing concepts. In this journey, he has sought help from theological, social, and political perspectives.&nbsp;Get the full-text of the article&nbsp;&nbsp;Article: The rise and fall of the separation of powersAuthor:&nbsp;Steven G. Calabresi, Mark E. Berghausen&nbsp;Steven G. Calabresi &nbsp;studied in the Department of Law at Yale University and is a professor of law in the Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law. He has also been a visiting professor at Yale Law School and Brown University. He is one of the founders of the Federalist Society.&nbsp;Mark E. Berghausen is a graduate from the Northwestern University School of Law and at present, is active in the field of litigation.Skylar Albertson is a graduate from Brown University School of Law and at present is engaged in litigation work.&nbsp;&nbsp;This article was published in the Northwestern University Law Review. This journal is published six times a year. The credibility of this journal on the basis of the H-index is 41. Similarly, it is a reliable publication with a Q1 rating.&nbsp;Exposition of the article:In this article, the system of separation of powers in the United States is discussed. The main claim of the article is that the US separation of powers system is more inclined towards a democratized form of a mixed regime than a purely functional separation of powers. This claim is analyzed with respect to a brief history of the United States’ separation of powers as well as in terms of procedures.&nbsp;&nbsp;Get the full-text of the article&nbsp;Seventh chapter of the&nbsp;book ‘Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers’&nbsp;Author: M. J. C. Vile&nbsp;The author of this book,&nbsp;M. J. C. Vile, is a thinker and professor of political sciences. He, a graduate of West Minister University and London school of Economics, has conducted research in the area of Federalism, separation of powers and the theory of constitutionalism. Vile has been active in several universities including Nuffield College of Oxford University, University of Massachusetts and University of Kent.&nbsp;This book was first published in the year 1967 and after that, it has been re-printed several times. The publisher of this book is the ‘Liberty Fund’ which is a private American publishing house which was established in the year 1960 with the aim of education. As per the report by Google scholar, this book has in total been&nbsp;cited 1531 times.&nbsp;Exposition of the work:The theory of separation of powers over the course of its life has had a noticeable impact on political institutions post-revolution. In this section of the book, the author strives to show that this stage of the life of the theory of separation of powers is a result of movement from&nbsp;Montesquieu’s view to Rousseau and adjustment of&nbsp; Rousseau’s political thought by introducing the institute of ‘House of representatives’ in it. Apart from the historical particulars, a study of this crucial period in the history of France can facilitate an understanding of a group of the most key controversies propounded in relation to the separation of powers and the formed interpretations surrounding these controversies.&nbsp;&nbsp;Get the full-text of the article&nbsp;&nbsp;Article: Montesquieu’s Mistakes and the True Meaning of SeparationAuthor: Laurence ClausLaurence Clause, a professor of Law at the University of San Diego, completed his studies in Doctorate at the University of Oxford. His principle subjects of study include Comparative Constitutional Law, Constitutional Law, Contracts and Animal Law. From amongst his important works are: ‘A Republic, If the Courts Can Keep It?’, ‘Authority and Meaning’, ‘Enumeration and the Silences of Constitutional Federalism’, ‘The Divided Executive’, ‘Law's Evolution and Human Understanding’, ‘The Empty Idea of Authority’.&nbsp;The Oxford Journal of Legal studies is a law publication published by the University of Oxford on behalf of the Faculty of Law. This journal ranks third among non-specialized legal publications.&nbsp;The Oxford Journal of Legal studies is published by the University of Oxford on behalf of the Faculty of Law. Subjects of the journal are designed to understand all matters relating to law. Similarly, the publication emphasizes on a theoretical approach and Interdisciplinary subjects of law and welcomes&nbsp;outstanding original contributions in doctrinal and critical scholarship on domestic and international law, and contributions to comparative law, to legal history, and to legal philosophy. The H-index of the article, which is a criterion to measure the number of citations of the publication and to assess its reliability, is 25 for this publication.&nbsp;&nbsp;Exposition of the article:Montesquieu’s concluded in the book ‘The spirit of the Laws’ that the constitution of liberty can best be achieved by assigning three essentially different governmental activities to different actors as it has been achieved in Britain. He was wrong. His mistaken conclusion rested on two errors. First, Montesquieu thought that the primary exercise of powers could durably be divided only where those powers differed in kind. Second, Montesquieu failed to recognize the lawmaking character of executive and judicial exposition of existing law.&nbsp;This article analyses implications of Montesquieu’s mistakes for modern claims, both in Britain and in the United States, that liberty and the rule of law are promoted by separating power in certain contexts. In particular, this article questions the British Government’s recent claim that the values underlying separation-of-powers theory call for removing ultimate appellate jurisdiction from the House of Lords. It also traces Montesquieu’s influence on the American founders’ attempt to separate power along essentialist lines, and considers some sub-optimal consequences of that attempt, including the non-delegation quandary and the emergence of an unchecked judicial lawmaker.&nbsp;Get the full-text of the article&nbsp;&nbsp;Article: Internal separation of Powers: Checking today’s most dangerous branch from withinAuthor: Neal Katyal&nbsp;Neal Katyal, a Paul Saunders chair professor of National security law at Georgetown university, was an Acting Solicitor General of the United States, has researched on Constitutional Law, Criminal Law, and Intellectual Property and possesses a brilliant and successful record as the Deputy Attorney General such that in the 2017, he argued the most Supreme Court cases in the history of America as a deputy attorney. He has served in other positions such as National Security Adviser in the U.S. Justice Department and was introduced as Lawyer of the Year by reputable journals such as Legal Times and National Law.&nbsp;This article was published in ‘The Yale Law Journal’ in the year 2005. This journal, with a history of approximately 100 years, is one of the eight legal periodicals and the most extensive of them which is printed by the University of Yale. This journal is a student-run journal which is run by a team consisting of teachers and graduates of the university and many of the authors in this journal are amongst the highest law ranking personalities in America. This journal is amongst the journals which is of interest to legal societies of the United States.&nbsp;Exposition of the article:Today, with the extensive powers and capabilities without surveillance and control of the executive branch, in the three-branch system of separation of powers and failure to function, it is necessary that this work be done by separating the two areas of politics and bureaucracy within the executive branch. Today, the supervision of the legislature and the judiciary over the executive branch has become weak due to structural-historical reasons and the absolute dependence of the bureaucratic system on the decision of the president and on the political authorities has made it possible for the president to easily have authority and power without supervision and control in the executive areas, especially in the areas of security and foreign policy, which are generally confidential and use the bureaucratic system to achieve their short-term political interests. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to depoliticize the bureaucracy and conduct its affairs in a specialized and expert manner so that the president can manage the executive branch in a controlled manner. This purpose can be achieved with familiarization tools such as: separate and overlapping cabinet offices, mandatory review of government action by different agencies, civil-service protections for their workers, reporting requirements to Congress, and an impartial decisionmaker to resolve inter-agency conflicts. Therefore, the plan of this article is to create a type of competitive system and transparency of information, to design the executive branch in such a way that internal supervision is created and the extensive powers of the president are applied with supervision.&nbsp;Get the full-text of the article&nbsp;Article: Prelude to the Separation of PowersAuthor: Nicholas Barber&nbsp;The author of this article, Nicholas Barber, began studying in 1998 in Law Faculty of the University of Oxford and after two years became a fellow at Trinity College. He obtained his MA and Bachelors from Oxford and was appointed as University Lecturer in Law in 2013. Four years after that, he came a&nbsp;Professor of Constitutional Law and Theory. Barber is a lawyer however he is not active in this area. He has lectured extensively&nbsp;on constitutional law and theory in many countries and has published many papers in these areas. From amongst his works are ‘The Principles of Constitutionalism’ and ‘The Constitutional State’.&nbsp;This article was published in the year 2001 in Volume 60 of The Cambridge Law Journal. This journal is an academic journal and is the principle academic publication of the Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge which was established as a student-led journal by the Cambridge University Law Society.&nbsp;The Cambridge Law Journal&nbsp;publishes articles on all aspects of law however special emphasis is placed on contemporary developments.&nbsp;An important feature of the journal is the Case and Comment section, in which members of the Cambridge Law Faculty and other distinguished contributors analyse recent judicial decisions, new legislation and current law reform proposals.&nbsp;Similarly, it contains an extensive section for book reviews.&nbsp;This journal is the longest established university law journal in the United Kingdom and the seventh most influential journal in the United Kingdom.&nbsp;&nbsp;Exposition of the article:The main claim of the author is that the central core of the theory of separation of powers, contrary to the opinion of many thinkers, is the efficiency of the government, not the preservation of citizens' freedom from the intervention of authoritarian power, and efficiency is also obtained in the efficient allocation of form and function.&nbsp;Get the full-text of the article

In this article, books and articles related to the “Separation of Powers” theory in Muslim research will be discussed.