The Department of Contemporary Jurisprudence

International

Specialized Subjectology

Approximately 20 days ago, the office of contemporary jurisprudence launched a general call for seminary and university thinkers to assist in the critique of the recommendations draft.&nbsp;A number of respected seminary teachers and researchers of jurisprudence, ethics, philosophy, law and artificial intelligence announced their readiness in this regard and through their concise and accurate work, in addition to the fundamental and formative critiques, we were able to present strategic&nbsp;and appropriate legislative recommendations.&nbsp;Ayatullah Arafi as well, like always, with support, backing and quick measures, delivered the prepared document to President Raisi thus it may be used by the present Iranian delegation in the meetings, so we do not encounter similar issues like the 2030 document (UNESCO’s Sustainable development goals).&nbsp;In this relation, we announce our many thanks and appreciation to all the dear teachers and researchers.&nbsp;At present, we are awaiting the final UNESCO document in ethics of artificial intelligence. Thereafter, the existing critique overseeing the draft will be amended and completed with the co-operation of the authors in relation to the text of the approved draft and will be publicly released in a book independent from the series of artificial intelligence books.&nbsp;

UNESCO, after two years of work and three amendments, at the end of the current year published the final draft of artificial intelligence ethics document and intends deliver this document in Paris for the approval of Member states on the 41st meeting in Āban 1400 (October 2021).

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Critique of UNESCO’s recommendations has been delivered to the respected president of the Republic

These meetings were concise and were held in the presence of the Respected Dean and Respected Deputies of Research, Education and Student Affairs and teachers of Shiraz University, which is a regarded as a comprehensive and of the top universities of the country.&nbsp;Below are pictures presented in relation to the presence of the Respected Head of the Office of Contemporary Jurisprudence at Shiraz University.<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:79.45%;"><img src="https://fms.s3.ir-thr-at1.arvanstorage.com/1_fars_a9f2149583_853b9a45cb.jpg"></figure><figure class="image image_resized" style="width:78.65%;"><img src="https://fms.s3.ir-thr-at1.arvanstorage.com/2_fars_b46b025b5f_0c9a1d50cb.jpg"></figure>In addition to this meeting, other meetings were held with the presence of&nbsp;Respected Head of the Office of Contemporary Jurisprudence with the Respected Head of the Islamic Seminary of Fars Province, Deputy Heads of Education and Research and administrators and teachers of Fars Province. Below are pictures presented from these meetings:<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:78.55%;"><img src="https://fms.s3.ir-thr-at1.arvanstorage.com/3_fars_90d9238d1e_fd903090e3.jpg"></figure><figure class="image image_resized" style="width:78.07%;"><img src="https://fms.s3.ir-thr-at1.arvanstorage.com/4_fars_30522f0bf9_39f6bf6489.jpg"></figure>Presence of the Head of the Office of Contemporary Jurisprudence with Respected Head of the Islamic Seminary of Fars Province, Deputy Heads of Education and Research and administrators and teachers of Fars Province.

In Ordibehesht 1401 (May 2022), the respected Head of the Office of Contemporary Jurisprudence met and conversed with a group of teachers and outstanding students in Shiraz.

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Presence of the Head of the Office of Contemporary Jurisprudence in Shiraz University

In this matter, books and articles related to the subject of theory of separation of powers in English sources will be discussed.&nbsp;&nbsp;The article: Sovereignty and the Separation of Powers in John LockeAuthor: Bedri Gencer&nbsp;Bedri Gencer is a teacher in the Department of Humanities and social sciences in Yildiz Technical University located in Istanbul, Turkey. He is active in the fields of History, Islamic philosophy and political philosophy, The H-index of this teacher is 9 and his article has been cited 4 times.&nbsp;&nbsp;The journal, The European Legacy, focuses on research in the field of historical, philosophical, ideological and modern European cultural sources and its relation to the rest of the world.&nbsp;Exposition of the article:&nbsp;In contrast to most interpretations exclusively modern in respect to Locke, Locke's conceptualization of sovereignty has a traditional and theological outlook and endeavours to re-traditionalize&nbsp;the new changing world through adaptation to existing concepts. In this journey, he has sought help from&nbsp;theological, social, and political perspectives.&nbsp;Get the full-text of the article&nbsp;&nbsp;The article: The rise and fall of the separation of powersAuthor:&nbsp;Steven G. Calabresi, Mark E. Berghausen&nbsp;Steven G. Calabresi is one of the three authors of this article. He studied in the Department of Law at Yale University and is a professor of law in the Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law. He has also been a visiting professor at Yale Law School and Brown University. He is one of the founders of the Federalist Society.&nbsp;&nbsp;Mark E. Berghausen is a graduate from the Northwestern University School of Law and at present, is active in the field of litigation.&nbsp;Skylar Albertson is also the third of the authors of this article and is a graduate from the Brown University School of Law and at present is engaged in litigation work.&nbsp;&nbsp;This article was published in the Northwestern University Law Review. This journal is published six times a year. The credibility of this journal on the basis of the H-index is 41. Similarly, it is a reliable publication with a Q1 rating.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Exposition of the article:&nbsp;In this article, the system of separation of powers in the United States is discussed. The main claim of the article is that the US separation of powers system is more inclined towards a democratized form of a mixed regime than a purely functional separation of powers. This claim is analysed with respect to a brief history of the United States’ separation of powers as well as in terms of procedures.&nbsp;&nbsp;Get the full-text of the article&nbsp;&nbsp;Seventh chapter of the&nbsp;book ‘Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers’&nbsp;Author: M. J. C. Vile&nbsp;The author of this book,&nbsp;M. J. C. Vile, is a thinker and professor of political sciences. He, a graduate of West Minister University and London school of Economics, has conducted research in the area of Federalism, separation of powers and the theory of constitutionalism. Vile has been active in several universities including Nuffield College of Oxford University, University of Massachusetts and University of Kent.&nbsp;This book was first published in the year 1967 and after that, it has been re-printed several times. The publisher of this book is the ‘Liberty Fund’ which is a private American publishing house which was established in the year 1960 with the aim of education. As per the report by Google scholar, this book has been in total cited by 1531.&nbsp;Exposition of the work:&nbsp;The theory of separation of powers over the course of its life has had a noticeable impact on political institutions post-revolution. In this section of the book, the author strives to show that this stage of the life of the theory of separation of powers is a result of movement from&nbsp; Montesquieu’s view to Rousseau and adjustment of&nbsp; Rousseau’s political thought by introducing the institute of ‘House of representatives’ in it. Apart from the historical particulars, a study of this crucial period in the history of France can facilitate an understanding of a group of the most key controversies propounded in relation to the separation of powers and the formed interpretations surrounding these controversies.&nbsp;&nbsp;Get the full-text of the article&nbsp;&nbsp;Article: Montesquieu’s Mistakes and the True Meaning of SeparationAuthor: Laurence Claus&nbsp;Laurence Clause, a professor of Law at the University of San Diego, completed his studies in Doctorate at the University of Oxford. His principle subjects of study include Comparative Constitutional Law, Constitutional Law, Contracts and Animal Law. From amongst his important works are: ‘A Republic, If the Courts Can Keep It?’, ‘Authority and Meaning’, ‘Enumeration and the Silences of Constitutional Federalism’, ‘The Divided Executive’, ‘Law's Evolution and Human Understanding’, ‘The Empty Idea of Authority’.&nbsp;The Oxford Journal of Legal studies is a law publication published by the University of Oxford on behalf of the Faculty of Law. This journal ranks third among non-specialized legal publications.&nbsp;The Oxford Journal of Legal studies is published by the University of Oxford on behalf of the Faculty of Law. Subjects of the journal are designed to understand all matters relating to law. Similarly, the publication emphasizes on a theoretical approach and Interdisciplinary subjects of law and welcomes&nbsp;outstanding original contributions in doctrinal and critical scholarship on domestic and international law, and contributions to comparative law, to legal history, and to legal philosophy. The H-index of the article, which is a criterion to measure the number of citations of the publication and to assess its reliability, is 25 for this publication.&nbsp;&nbsp;Exposition of the article:&nbsp;Montesquieu’s concluded in the book ‘The spirit of the Laws’ that the constitution of liberty can best be achieved by assigning three essentially different governmental activities to different actors as it has been achieved in Britain. He was wrong. His mistaken conclusion rested on two errors. First, Montesquieu thought that the primary exercise of powers could durably be divided only where those powers differed in kind. Second, Montesquieu failed to recognize the lawmaking character of executive and judicial exposition of existing law.&nbsp;This article analyses implications of Montesquieu’s mistakes for modern claims, both in Britain and in the United States, that liberty and the rule of law are promoted by separating power in certain contexts. In particular, this article questions the British Government’s recent claim that the values underlying separation-of-powers theory call for removing ultimate appellate jurisdiction from the House of Lords. It also traces Montesquieu’s influence on the American founders’ attempt to separate power along essentialist lines, and considers some sub-optimal consequences of that attempt, including the non-delegation quandary and the emergence of an unchecked judicial lawmaker.&nbsp;Get the full-text of the article&nbsp;&nbsp;Article: Internal separation of Powers: Checking today’s most dangerous branch from withinAuthor: Neal Katyal&nbsp;Neal Katyal, a Paul Saunders chair professor of National security law at Georgetown university, was an Acting Solicitor General of the United States, has researched on Constitutional Law, Criminal Law, and Intellectual Property and possesses a brilliant and successful record as the Deputy Attorney General such that in the 2017, he argued the most Supreme Court cases in the history of America as a deputy attorney. He has served in other positions such as National Security Adviser in the U.S. Justice Department and was introduced as Lawyer of the Year by reputable journals such as Legal Times and National Law.&nbsp;This article was published in ‘The Yale Law Journal’ in the year 2005. This journal, with a history of approximately 100 years, is one of the eight legal periodicals and the most extensive of them which is printed by the University of Yale. This journal is a student-run journal which is run by a team consisting of teachers and graduates of the university and many of the authors in this journal are amongst the highest law ranking personalities in America. This journal is amongst the journals which is of interest to legal societies of the United States.&nbsp;Exposition of the article:&nbsp;Today, with the extensive powers and capabilities without surveillance and control of the executive branch, in the three-branch system of separation of powers and failure to function, it is necessary that this work be done by separating the two areas of politics and bureaucracy within the executive branch. Today, the supervision of the legislature and the judiciary over the executive branch has become weak due to structural-historical reasons and the absolute dependence of the bureaucratic system on the decision of the president and on the political authorities has made it possible for the president to easily have authority and power without supervision and control in the executive areas, especially in the areas of security and foreign policy, which are generally confidential and use the bureaucratic system to achieve their short-term political interests. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to depoliticize the bureaucracy and conduct its affairs in a specialized and expert manner so that the president can manage the executive branch in a controlled manner. This purpose can be achieved with familiarization tools such as: separate and overlapping cabinet offices, mandatory review of government action by different agencies, civil-service protections for their workers, reporting requirements to Congress, and an impartial decisionmaker to resolve inter-agency conflicts. Therefore, the plan of this article is to create a type of competitive system and transparency of information, to design the executive branch in such a way that internal supervision is created and the extensive powers of the president are applied with supervision.&nbsp;Get the full-text of the article&nbsp;Article: Prelude to the Separation of PowersAuthor: Nicholas Barber&nbsp;The author of this article, Nicholas Barber, began studying in 1998 in Law Faculty of the University of Oxford and after two years became a fellow at Trinity College. He obtained his MA and Bachelors from Oxford and was appointed as University Lecturer in Law in 2013. Four years after that, he came a Professor of Constitutional Law and Theory. Barber is a lawyer however he is not active in this area. He has lectured extensively&nbsp;on constitutional law and theory in many countries and has published many papers in these areas. From amongst his works are ‘The Principles of Constitutionalism’ and ‘The Constitutional State’.&nbsp;This article was published in the year 2001 in Volume 60 of The Cambridge Law Journal. This journal is an academic journal and is the principle academic publication of the Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge which was established as a student-led journal by the Cambridge University Law Society. The Cambridge Law Journal&nbsp;publishes articles on all aspects of law however special emphasis is placed on contemporary developments. An important feature of the journal is the Case and Comment section, in which members of the Cambridge Law Faculty and other distinguished contributors analyse recent judicial decisions, new legislation and current law reform proposals.&nbsp;Similarly, it contains an extensive section for book reviews.&nbsp; This journal is the longest established university law journal in the United Kingdom and the seventh most influential journal in the United Kingdom.&nbsp;&nbsp;Exposition of the article:&nbsp;The main claim of the author is that the central core of the theory of separation of powers, contrary to the opinion of many thinkers, is the efficiency of the government, not the preservation of citizens' freedom from the intervention of authoritarian power, and efficiency is also obtained in the efficient allocation of form and function.&nbsp;Get the full-text of the article

In this matter, books and articles related to the subject of theory of separation of powers in English sources will be discussed. 

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English reading materials in relation to the ‘Theory of separation of powers’

SDR or Special Drawing Right is like an international currency for the international monetary fund such that according to a news article from Al Jazeera, Iran owns the equivalent of 2.1 billion US dollars from that fund.But what is the nature of this international currency and what are the rules pertaining to it? It is a modern issue that few Persian outlets have worked on.This issue has been investigated in the advanced contemporary jurisprudence lessons of Professor Sayyid Moḥammad Riḍa Mudarrisī (esteemed jurist, member of the Guardian Council).The department of contemporary jurisprudence of the Islamic Seminaries in accordance with their responsibility, have sourced and translated reliable international resources and the exposition is has been handed over to the professor, which will be presented as needed. The translation and description of these texts will be officially published soon.However, according to the request of the dear colleagues, the main sources that have been procured will be introduced below so that our dear researchers participating in the teacher's course and other scholars can benefit from it.It should be noted that the introduction of&nbsp;&nbsp;educational sources on contemporary issues is only for the purpose of accurate knowledge of these issues and does not mean confirming the analyses or recommendations of those texts.Reading Articles regarding SDR currency (Special Withdrawal Rights):International Liquidity and the Role of the SDR in the International Monetary System.Authors: Clark, P. B., &amp; Polak, J. J. (2004).&nbsp;IMF Staff Papers, 51(1), p49-71.Since this article was published by the International Monetary Fund, in addition to the theoretical aspect, it also has a practical and operational aspects. Therefore, most of the analyses are observational and based on objective and real experiences. The authors were also senior consultants and managers of the research department of the International Monetary Fund.&nbsp;Users' Guide to the SDR: A Manual of Transactions and Operations in Special Drawing Rights.Authors: Treasurer's Department. (1995). International Monetary Fund.This article is also compiled by the International Monetary Fund and in a simple language, in addition to describing various theoretical aspects related to SDR, it has also examined various types of contracts from a practical point of view.&nbsp;&nbsp;Review of the Method of Valuation of the SDR.&nbsp;Authors: Tweedie, A. Hagan, S. Tiwari, Siddharth (2015).IMF Policy Paper, 2015, (10)This article was also published by the International Monetary Fund. A highly technical article that examines SDR estimation and valuation. This review includes the composition, size, preferred weights of the SDR currency basket and financial instruments for determining interest rates related to it. The important point about the above article is that various consultants from the financial, legal, strategic and policy departments of the International Monetary Fund have played a role in its compilation.Download the articles from <a href="https://s17.picofile.com/file/8429639018/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9SDR.zip.html">here</a>.Introducing the international reference book for understanding special drawing rights:Title: Special drawing rights (SDRs): The first international money.&nbsp;Author: Wilkie, C. (2012).Oxford University PressThis book deals with the history of SDR, talks about what it is, the philosophy of its formation and its importance. It also examines the role of SDR as a source of support and stability for the global economy in the face of the financial crisis.In addition to academic studies at prestigious universities such as the London School of Economics (LSE) and Oxford, the author of the book has also had various executive responsibilities, including: membership in the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Canada, Canada's High Representative in the World Trade Organization and also the Business Conference and UN Development, as well as the lead negotiator of Canada's investment agreements with China, new member states of the European Union and other countries.Link to buy the book from Amazon:<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Special-Drawing-Rights-First-International/dp/0199606463">https://www.amazon.com/Special-Drawing-Rights-First-International/dp/0199606463</a>

You may not have heard of SDR. During the peak of the COVID Pandemic this currency was used quite a lot in different mediums, and they used it to meet the needs of countries, especially for countries that are under sanctions.

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What is SDR currency?

Islamic Seminary

In a ceremony attended by Their Eminences Ayatollah Arafi, the Chancellor of the Islamic Seminary, and Ayatollah Shab Zendeh Dar, a member of the Guardian Council; the latest publications of the Islamic Seminary on the topics of the fiqh of cryptocurrencies, the fiqh of securities and exchange, the fiqh of money, the fiqh of medicine, and other titles, were unveiled.&nbsp;&nbsp;The activities and programs of the Islamic Seminary's Office of Contemporary Jurisprudence were also announced, including:&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp; The establishment of advanced (kharīj) courses on the topics of legislation and the separation of powers, money, securities and exchange, cryptocurrencies, and others;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp; The authoring of specialist books including notes and commentaries on the latest international expert opinions on the legal aspects of money, the ethics of artificial intelligence, and the international SDR reserve asset;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp; A comprehensive critique on the draft text of UNESCO's Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence which was sent to the general conference in Paris.&nbsp;- &nbsp; Authoring the ijtihādī book "The Juridical Person and its Rulings".&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;Laying the groundwork for increased interaction and teamwork between universities and Islamic seminaries, and making an impact on international academic literature.&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp; Manifesting a new and more academic cooperation between universities and Islamic seminaries.&nbsp;&nbsp;You can follow up on the latest academic accomplishments of the Office of Contemporary Jurisprudence by following our #official Eitaa channel:&nbsp;<a href="https://eitaa.com/joinchat/835584018C53bfbd8554">https://eitaa.com/joinchat/835584018C53bfbd8554</a>

In a ceremony attended by Their Eminences Ayatollah Arafi, the Chancellor of the Islamic Seminary, and Ayatollah Shab Zendeh Dar, a member of the Guardian Council; the latest publications of the Islamic Seminary